How Long Is Spinal Fusion Surgery

Anterior Cervical Discectomy & Fusion Advanced Level
Don’t sit or lie down for long periods of time. Achieving a spinal fusion varies depending on the technique used and your general health your spinal surgery, you could undermine the fusion process. Hardware fracture. Metal screws, ... Document Retrieval

Spinal Surgery Handbook
Spinal Surgery Handbook . Smoking will reduce the success rate of spinal fusion by 35%. It is imperative that you . STOP SMOKING OR USING NICOTINE How long do I have to wear it? (The doctor will give you an approximate time before surgery.) ... Access Document

Back Surgery: Spinal Fusion - YouTube
Hoping you to read this message, and pls help me for this case, coz I search internet in many long years. To find the solution about my problem. Please help me for this case. 9:36 MIS TLIF Spinal Fusion Surgery, L4-L5-S1, 2 Weeks Post-Op by derekspratt 4,513 views; ... View Video

Surgery - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Surgery (from the Greek: Spinal fusion is an example of adjacent vertebrae connected allowing them to grow together into one piece. such as immune deficienty and obesity. Obesity has long been considered a risk factor for adverse post-surgical outcomes. ... Read Article

Instructions After Lumbar Fusion - Midwest SpineCare
Instructions after Posterior Lumbar Fusion. Hospital Stay after Surgery: 1. The night of surgery will be roughest. I want you to rest in bed. You will have a bladder which does not last long during the first three to six weeks after the surgery. 2. ... Read Here

How Long Does Recovery From Spine Surgery Usually Take? - YouTube
How Long Does Recovery from Spine Surgery Usually Take? IvesServices . Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe. Loading 1:42 spinal fusion lumbar L4L5 post op 2 hours by Samsamzoeller 2,267 views; 3:25 Lumbar Fusion Surgery by 01cdaspine 129,166 views; ... View Video

The Road To Recovery - Welcome To Johns Hopkins Orthopaedic ...
Well as an anterior fusion. The anterior surgery is done through an incision in the (Low Back) Fusion Surgery Please ask your surgeon how long you should refrain from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications. positions decrease the pressure on the spinal discs and low back. ... Read Content

PATIENT GUIDELINES CERVICAL FUSION - Conejo Spine: Conejo ...
It is your responsibility to bring it on the day of the surgery. Q: How long do I wear the brace for? A: You need to wear the cervical brace until the fusion is complete, which on of the spinal fusion. IMPORTANT THINGS Q: What are the side effects of the medication? ... Visit Document

The Effect Of spinal fusion On The long-term Outcome Of ...
©2001 British Editorial Society of Bone and Joint Surgery 0301-620X/01/812079 $2.00 The effect of spinal fusion on the long-term outcome of idiopathic scoliosis THE EFFECT OF SPINAL FUSION ON THE LONG-TERM OUTCOME OF IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS 1135 VOL. 83-B, NO. 8, NOVEMBER 2001 ... Retrieve Content

What To Expect During Your Lumbar Fusion - Atlanta Brain ...
Your spinal fusion surgery. We want you to know what to expect from day to day and to be able to actively participate in your recovery. The hospital recovery bus or airplane as long as you are comfortable. Reclining the passenger seat will be ... Access Full Source

LUMBAR SPINAL FUSION - OCNT.com
Elected to perform a Lumbar Spinal Fusion. Lumbar fusion is a surgical procedure used to stabilize the spine in the low back long time before surgery. Until the 1 year mark, we won’t be able to tell if the numbness is permanent. ... Read Content

Spinal Fusion - KnowYourBack.org
Long Run? Following spinal fusion surgery, a postoperative rehabilitation program may be recommended by your surgeon. The rehabilitation program may include back strengthening exercises and possibly a cardiovascular (aerobic) conditioning program, ... Fetch Content

POSTOPERATIVE LUMBAR LAMINECTOMY AND SPINAL DEFORMITY FUSION ...
Fusion surgery is a painful, and patients that have spinal instrumentation and long fusions for deformity or lumbar spine disease can have very serious problems if they are not adequately restrained and protected within a car during an automobile accident. ... Access Doc

How Long Does It Take To Recover From Spine surgery? - YouTube
I'm often asked, how long will it take me to recover, and how much time will I need to take off work. 9:36 MIS TLIF Spinal Fusion Surgery, L4-L5-S1, 2 Weeks Post-Op by derekspratt 4,889 views; 1:48 Say NO! to Laser Spine Surgery by DrBuhrman 15,380 views; ... View Video

Table Of Contents - California Pacific Medical Center 415-600 ...
Spinal Fusion Table of Contents • If your procedure included mid or low back surgery with fusion: You may have to wear a back brace at all times after surgery except when you are in bed. Frequent short walks are better than long walks. ... View Document

Patient Information Spinal Fusion Using The Or Silhouette ...
Chronic, or long-term, problem and requires a doctor’s care. Because the spine is so important for support and movement, a problem with Spinal fusion surgery: a procedure to restore and maintain the space between the vertebrae by stabilizing the ... Retrieve Here

ASD Prevalence And ASD Incidence - Back Pain And Neck Pain ...
The degeneration of the intervertebral joints above and/or below the area where a spinal fusion or other back surgery is performed, may be common or is just not enough data on the outcomes of disc replacement surgery to determine how safe and effective it is in the long run. ... Read Article

Spinal Fusion
Spinal fusion is a process in which pieces of bone, vertebrae and the bone graft fuse into one long bone. This increases the stability As with any other surgery, there are possibilities for complications but these tend ... Read Document

Long Term Durability Of Minimal Invasive Posterior ...
Open lumbar fusion surgery (anterior, posterior, benefits of minimally invasive spinal surgery: Hedlund R. The long-term effect of posterolateral fusion in adult isthmic spondylolisthesis: a randomized controlled study. Spine J. 2005; ... Fetch This Document

ANTERIOR CERVICAL DISCECTOMY AND FUSION - OCNT.com
1. How long will the swelling last in my neck? The spinal cord, which is the assess the fusion. • The morning after surgery you may be up as you desire and tolerate. You may slowly return back to a soft-regular diet. ... Document Retrieval

ANTERIOR CERVICAL DECOMPRESSION AND FUSION
Nerve roots and the spinal cord can be “pinched” by herniated discs or by bone fusion occur. How long the collar is worn depends on the nature of the surgery ANTERIOR CERVICAL DECOMPRESSION AND FUSION – INSTRUCTIONS AFTER SURGERY ... Get Content Here

Posterior Lumbar Fusion - Welcome To MELBOURNE NEUROSURGERY ...
This is treated with a cleaning of the wound and long term antibiotics. What happens if I get no better with the surgery ? Spinal fusion is regarded as the last port of call for a surgeon in treating you back. If this does not work there ... View Doc

Guidelines For Lumbar Fusion - Labor & Industries (L&I ...
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Description Spinal Fusion Surgery

Lumbar Laminectomy With Placement Of Epidural Catheter - YouTube
No description available. Category: Entertainment. License: Standard YouTube License 1 like, 0 dislikes Show more . Show less . Link to this comment: 9:20 Lumbar Spinal Fusion Surgery Vlog - Grandma Judy - Part 7.wmv by trudyjude66 1,054 views; ... View Video

Pedicle Subtraction Osteotomy For - ESpine.com - Robert ...
Spine surgery to facilitate correction of spinal deformities in the sagittal plane. This paper is a description of the techniques and outcomes of pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) following failed fusion surgery for a T6-7 fracture dislocation. ... Get Content Here

Guidelines For The Performance Of fusion Procedures For ...
Ducted using the search terms “lumbar stenosis and fusion and spinal surgery” or “lumbar stenosis and arthrodesis. Description Comment Gibson, et al., 1999 III Cochrane review of 14 RCT s for DS/stenosis. 3 of the identified RCT ... Read Full Source

Spine Surgery Scheduling
Spine Surgery Scheduling abdominal_major abdominal_minor Thoracic Vertebrectomy & Fusion 22850-22852 CPT Description 63075 DISKECTOMY: ANTERIOR; CERVICAL: 1 INTERSPACE SPINAL DEFORMITY: W/WO CAST; UP TO 6 VERTEBRAL SEGMENTS 22802 ARTHRODESIS: POSTERIOR: SPINAL DEFORMITY: ... Return Doc

Back & Neck Pain Sitemap - Page 5 2012-11-30
Here is a short description of spinal traction and its use in the treatment of lower back and neck pain. Piriformis Syndrome Find out when spinal fusion surgery is the best treatment choice for low back pain. Total Disk Replacement ... Read Article

APPENDIX TABLES - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins - Home Page
CPT-4 code Description Spinal Fusion Modifications 20930. Allograft, Spine Surgery Only; Morselized (not specifically lumbar) lumbar surgery procedure code from Table 4 (ICD-9-CM procedures) or from Table 5 (CPT-4 procedures)?* Include as . ... Retrieve Doc

Electrical Stimulation Of The Spine As An Adjunct To Spinal ...
Description of Procedure or Service Both invasive and noninvasive electrical bone growth stimulators have been investigated as an adjunct to spinal fusion surgery, with or without associated instrumentation, to enhance the chances of obtaining a ... Fetch Full Source

Lumbar Laminectomy - Chicago Hospital & Health Care | Rush ...
Lower back and increase the size of the spinal canal by removing some of the bones and Description of the Procedure: A lumbar laminectomy is performed by making a one or more incision(s) instability which would require a fusion to be performed with a second surgery. There is ... Read Full Source

Minimally Invasive Lumbar Spinal Fusion - Health Plan Of ...
(e.g., Certificate of Coverage (COC) or Summary Plan Description (SPD)) may differ greatly. In the ECRI Institute. Hotline Service. Minimally invasive spinal fusion surgery using eXtreme lateral interbody fusion or axial lumbar interbody fusion for low back pain. July 2008. Frantzides CT, ... Return Document

DATE OF REVIEW: IRO CASE #: DESCRIPTION OF THE SERVICE OR ...
IP Laminectomy-Lumbar L3, L4, L5 and Onlay Bone Fusion. A DESCRIPTION OF THE QUALIFICATIONS FOR EACH PHYSICIAN OR OTHER HEALTH CARE PROVIDER WHO REVIEWED THE DECISION. Doctor of Osteopathy, For patients with lumbar spinal stenosis, surgery (standard posterior decompressive laminectomy alone, ... Retrieve Document

Medica Coverage Policy
Description Spinal fusion is a surgical procedure that attempts to eliminate instability in the back by fusing two or more of the vertebral bones Minimally Invasive Spinal Fusion Surgery Using Axial Lumbar Interbody Fusion (AxiaLIF) or eXtreme Lateral Interbody Fusion (XLIF) ... View Doc

Guidelines For Lumbar Fusion - Labor & Industries (L&I ...
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Facts Spinal Fusion Surgery

Reversed And Remanded.
Disorder as a result of the spinal fusion. The carrier contends that the diagnosis of to her surgery and her [L4-5] condition now such as what degenerative changes occurred that cause him to diagnose adjacent disc disorder. ... Retrieve Content

BONE GRAFT ALTERNATIVES
In spine surgery is during spinal fusion. The use of autogenous bone grafts for spinal fusion has been a standard in the spine community for many years and is considered to be the standard by which other bone grafts are measured. ... Access Document

What To Expect During Your Lumbar Fusion - Atlanta Brain ...
Your spinal fusion surgery. We want you to know what to expect from day to day and to be able to actively participate in your recovery. The hospital recovery process following a lumbar fusion is divided into three phases: 1) Before surgery ... Visit Document

Spine - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Spine, a bi-weekly peer-reviewed journal of spine surgery, published by Lippincott; The Spinal (Killer Instinct), a fictional character from the video game Killer Instinct; Spinal Tap (band), a semi-fictional heavy metal band; ... Read Article

Spine 2011: Facts And Myths
• What is the place for surgery in lower back pain / Evidence base in lower back pain: forget surgery? when is there a need for spinal fusion • Minimal invasive surgery? • The future of the adjacent segments after lumbar fusion ... Read Full Source

News For Providers From HealthPartners Professional Services ...
Spinal Fusion Surgery Just a reminder that practices need to offer patients shared decision making when lumbar spine fusion surgery is an option. This can be done in two ways: Through a formal process in your clinic. ... Get Doc

Spinal Stenosis - American College Of Rheumatology
FAST FACTS Spinal stenosis is usually the result of osteoarthritis, Spinal Stenosis Page 4 Surgery. Some patients with severe or worsening symptoms a spinal fusion to connect two or more vertebrae and better support for the spine. ... Retrieve Full Source

About Experts Sitemap - Group 64 - Page 3 2012-07-30
Spinal fusion surgery, medical malpractice suit, lumbar spinal fusion: Marilyn, I am sorry to hear about your nerve damage and I know that EMGs are not fun tests and can be quite excruciating. ... Read Article

CIGNA MEDICAL COVERAGE POLICY - Cigna, A Global Health ...
Degenerated or diseased facet joints may require surgery such as a spinal fusion to restore function and stabilize the joint. Total facet arthroplasty refers to the implantation of a posterior ... Get Document

Concepts On Minimally Invasive Spinal Fusions
Exploring the Traditional Open Spinal Fusion with an Emphasis on the Modern Minimally Invasive Techniques of the Lumbar Spine . By Richard L Demko, CST . for developing spine surgery, however, that is only partially true. ... Visit Document

EDICAL ECESSITY UIDELINES - Cigna, A Global Health Insurance ...
Spinal-fusion surgery—the case for restraint. N Engl J Med. 2004 Feb;350(7):722-6. 23. Diwan AD, Parvartaneni H, Cammisa F. Failed degenerative lumbar spine surgery. Orthop Clin North Am. 2003 Apr;34(2):309-24. 24. Eck JC, Hodges S, Humphreys SC. ... Access Full Source

Percutaneous Vertebroplasty - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Orthopedic surgery, operations/surgeries and other procedures on bones and joints (ICD-9-CM V3 76–81, ICD-10-PCS 0P–S) Bones: Facial. Spinal fusion; Intervertebral discs. Discectomy; Annuloplasty; Arthroplasty; Back examination. Straight leg raise; Waddell's signs; Schober's test; ... Read Article

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL FIRST DISTRICT, STATE OF ...
Spinal fusion surgery or that he had been involved in an earlier automobile accident. Mr. Van disclosedthe prior cervical spinal fusion surgery only upon inquiry by his neurosurgeon who discovered , indicia of an earlier surgery after ... Fetch This Document

BONE-GRAFT SUBSTITUTES: FACTS, FICTIONS & APPLICATIONS
Plating with cortical struts and DBM. (b) Nine months following third surgery the plate and several screws are broken. (c) lumbar spinal fusion, for whom autologous bone and bone marrow recovery are not feasible or are not expected to promote fusion. ... View Full Source

YouTube - Broadcast Yourself.
Share your videos with friends, family, and the world ... View Video

Lumbar Spine Fusion And Stabilization: Hardware, Techniques ...
And stability.Spinal fusion surgery is commonly performed in patients who require decompression for nerve root pain and whose symptoms are largely diskogenic. Instrumentation Used in Fusion. Interbody Spacers. —Interbody spacers are ... Fetch Content

FACTS, FICTIONS & APPLICATIONS - American Association Of ...
Plating with cortical struts and DBM. (b) Nine months following third surgery the plate and several screws are broken. (c) Three months after treatment with IM rod fixation and OP-1 spinal fusion and treatment of open tibia fractures; ... Access Content

Regence Spinal Fusion Pre-Authorization Program Enhances ...
Regence Spinal Fusion Pre-Authorization Program published in the medical journal SPINE showed that the majority of clinical trials found spinal fusion surgery to be no more effective in reducing back pain than intensive rehabilitation therapy. ... Retrieve Doc

Spinal Cord - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Spinal shock is usually temporary, Upper-limb surgery in tetraplegia; Redlich-Obersteiner's Zone; References External links - A multitude of great images from the University of Cincinnati - Online medical notes on the spinal cord ... Read Article

Thursday 5 May 2011 - Spine: Facts And Myths
When and how to decompress a spinal stenosis, when is the need for spinal fusion ? Minimal invasive surgery? The options Xavier Banse, Brussels Serge Troussel, Charleroi The future of the adjacent segments after lumbar fusion: Pierre Guigui, Liège Philippe Gillet, Liège: Alix Tromme, Charleroi. ... Retrieve Full Source

THE EVOLVING ROLE OF BONE-GRAFT SUBSTITUTES
Plating with cortical struts and DBM. (b) Nine months following third surgery the plate and several screws are broken. (c) lumbar spinal fusion, for whom autologous bone and bone marrow harvest are not feasible or are not expected to promote fusion. ... View Doc

Posterior Lumbar Interbody fusion (PLIF) With Cages And Local ...
Are increasingly being used for 360° fusion after decompression of lumbar spinal stenosis combined with degenerative instability. Both titanium and PEEK (PolyEtherEtherKetone) implants are com- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilian ... Read Here

Controversies In Lumbar Spine Surgery
Controversies in Lumbar Spine Surgery Spine Surgery: Interesting Facts As degenerative spine disease becomes even spinal canal) and spondylolisthesis (slippage decompression and fusion and underwent surgery in June of 2004 for spinal stenosis associated with ... Access Full Source

How Painful Is Spinal Fusion Surgery

Spinal Lumbar Fusion Video Diary Part 1 - YouTube
MI spinal fusion done on June 24 2009 was on the L5/S1 vertebrae. It was a MIAIF - I think, Minimially invasive anterior (through the back) interbody fusion with a facetectomy. Category: Do they not know how Painful this surgery is? ... View Video

The Pain Whisperer Declares Jihad On Pain
NEW YORK, Nov. 28, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- September's outrageous "Guerilla Therapy" Demonstration outside NY Columbia-Presbyterian hospital left administrators and surgeons in shock. The amazing ... Read News

Neuromodulation Of The Cervical Spinal Cord In The Treatment ...
Ously undergone cervical fusion surgery to treat chronic neck and upper limb pain. Pa- of spinal cord stimulation in painful syn-dromes: Role of animal models. Pain Med 2006;7 Suppl 1:S14-26. 12. Dario A, Scamoni C, Peron S, Tomei G. ... Access Document

Perioperative Complications In Transforaminal Lumbar ...
Used to treat painful degenerative disc disease and spinal instability. Both anterior–posterior (AP) and transfor- anterior lumbar spine fusion surgery: a comparison of four techniques and complications in 135 patients. Spine. 2003;28:729–732. ... Access Document

Spinal fusion - All About Back & Neck Pain
Together to stop motion at a painful area. The surgeon inserts bone grafts made of small pieces of bone from your hip, a bone bank or • Spinal fusion — surgery that joins together two or more vertebral bones to stabilize the spine. ... Document Viewer

Medica Coverage Policy
Less painful than other interbody fusion approaches. However, it also has limitations. Minimally Invasive Spinal Fusion Surgery Using Axial Lumbar Interbody Fusion (AxiaLIF) or eXtreme Lateral Interbody Fusion (XLIF) Medica Coverage Policy ... Get Doc

Lumbar Puncture - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
A spinal needle is inserted between the lumbar vertebrae L3/L4 or L4/L5 and pushed in until there is a "give" that indicates the needle is past the ligamentum flavum. Surgery, Nervous system: neurosurgical and other procedures ... Read Article

In spinal Decompression In spinal fusion surgery
Painful movement. This procedure is often done along with spinal decompression. If there are problems or pressure on the spinal cord. • Spinal fusion — surgery done by an orthopedic surgeon or neurosurgeon that joins together two or more vertebral bones to ... Content Retrieval

Concepts On Minimally Invasive Spinal Fusions
Exploring the Traditional Open Spinal Fusion with an Emphasis on the Modern Minimally Invasive Techniques of the Lumbar Spine . Painful but tolerable To Learn More About Spinal Surgery. Spine Universe- www.spineuniverse.com. Mature Spine- ... Read Full Source

Editorial Non-fusion surgeries Of The Cervical Spine
Anterior spinal fusion is one of the most commonly Although we have yet to undergo a revision surgery, Anterior discectomy and fusion for painful cervical disc disease. A report of 50 patients with an average follow-up of 1 years. ... View This Document

YOUR SPINAL SURGERY
Spinal Fusion: This type of surgery is used to make the spine more stable. It can also help ease pain in your neck or back and pain that radiates down twisting that can be painful. POST-OPERATIVE CARE POST-OPERATIVE CARE Pain Management ... Retrieve Here

Fact Sheet INFUSE® Bone Graft/LT-CAGE® Lumbar Tapered ...
Spinal fusion surgery is often the only effective method to treat degenerative disc disease, one of the most common causes of low back pain. painful than the fusion itself, and nearly a third of patients experience hip pain two years following ... Fetch Document

Patient Instructions: Anterior Cervical Discectomy And Fusion ...
Pressure on the nerve roots or on the spinal cord and/or treat a painful disc. surgery, except you may take your normal medications with a sip of water, recommend avoiding routine dental prophylaxis and simple procedures for 3 months following a spinal fusion, but between 4 and 24 ... Get Document

Preparing For Lumbar Spinal Fusion Advanced Level
Motion in the painful area of your spine allowing you to increase your function and return to a Most people who have spinal fusion surgery are off work for approximately 6 to 12 weeks. You may or may not need to return to work with restrictions ... Read More

Diagnostic Imaging Of spinal fusion And Complications
Lization and/or removal of the painful segment decreases pain. Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) is defined as Harda in 1889 and subsequent spinal fusion surgery by Fred Albee and Russel Hibbs in treatment of spinal tuberculosis ... Retrieve Here

Rhizotomy - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
The surgery takes approximately 4 hours and typically involves one neurosurgeon, one anesthesiologist, and possibly an assortment of assisting physicians (as in the New York City September 2008 case). Leakage of the spinal fluid through the wound, also repairable; ... Read Article

Posterior Spinal Fusion - Back Pain Bristol
Posterior Spinal Fusion. Spinal fusion is surgery when part of the spine is fused. It is a term that be used instead of taken graft from the pelvis as taking graft is often more painful then the operation itself. Specific Complications . ... Access This Document

Radiculopathy - What Is Radiculopathy - Back Pain And Neck ...
Radiculopathy is a term that describes damage to spinal nerve roots. disectomy with fusion ; disc replacement; minimally invasive procedures; Surgery for Lumbar and Lumbosacral Radiculopathy ... Read Article

XLIF® Procedure- Minimally Disruptive Procedure For Spine ...
2:20 New Procedure Less Painful For Back-Surgery Patients by OhioHealthColumbus 78,780 views; 9:36 MIS TLIF Spinal Fusion Surgery, L4-L5-S1, 2 Weeks Post-Op by derekspratt 4,290 views; 3:04 Video of L5-S1 Surgery Lumbar Microdiscectomy ... View Video

Spine Osteoarthritis - Spine OA - Osteoarthritis Of The Spine
Aging of the spinal structures beginning when a person is in their 30s; Only one out of three patients require surgery, discectomy and spinal fusion. Sources: Understanding Osteoarthritis of the Spine. Spine-health.com. 6/7/2005. ... Read Article

What To Expect With A Cervical Spine Fusion
Cervical Spine, and Spinal Trauma. Patient Appointments: (919) 962-6637. Please remember that your nutrition after fusion surgery is very important. This site may be very sore and even more painful than the surgical area. ... Access Full Source

Anterior Cervical Discectomy & Fusion Advanced Level
Is the gold standard for rapid healing and fusion, but the graft harvest can be painful and at times lead to complications. Autograft is more commonly your spinal surgery, you could undermine the fusion process. Hardware fracture. Metal screws, rods, and plates ... Access Content

Adult Idiopathic Scoliosis Treated With ASF And PSF
Scoliosis and Spinal Deformity Surgery www.eSpine.com. Patient History • 65 year old female with Adult Idiopathic Scoliosis Posterior spinal fusion T2 to sacropelvis with combination of autogenous harvested bone and RHBMP. 3. ... Return Doc

Conservative therapy has been treated over decades by surgical fusion of the painful segments. that spinal fusion increases motion and intradiscal pressure in adjacent Developments in Spine Surgery – Non-fusion Technology ... Read More

Discitis - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Nonetheless, discitis occurs post surgically in approximately 1-2 percent of patients after spinal surgery. Contents. 1 Signs and symptoms; 2 Causes; 3 Diagnosis; 4 Treatment; 5 References; 6 External links; Signs and symptoms. ... Read Article